On the Use of Ultrasonic Flowmeters for Cooling Energy Metering and Sub-Metering in Direct Expansion Systems

Ultrasonic Transducers for Gas and Liquid Flow Metering

Accurate fluid flow metering is essential for modern process control, and ultrasonic flow meters are well established in this area. However, the specific acoustic impedance mismatch for most piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers is different when operating liquids and gases, hence there are problems measuring two-phase flows when using a single type of piezoelectric transducer in a flow meter. T...

Energy Theft in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Global energy generation and delivery systems are transitioning to a new computerized “smart grid”. One of the principle components of the smart grid is an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). AMI replaces the analog meters with computerized systems that report usage over digital communication interfaces, e.g., phone lines. However, with this infrastructure comes new risk. In this paper, we ...

Micro-Systems Driving Smart Energy Metering in Smart Grids

Energy is a precious societal resource, and increasingly rated for its ‘quality’ or lack thereof as a contributor to greenhouse gases (GHGs). Modern electrical energy systems operate at the intersection of technological advances in microelectronics, communications, and control. From individual components and systems such as computer systems to their aggregates and enclosures such as data center...

DReAM: Per-Task DRAM Energy Metering in Multicore Systems

Interaction across applications in DRAM memory impacts its energy consumption. This paper makes the case for accurate pertask DRAM energy metering in multicores, which opens new paths to energy/performance optimizations, such as per-task energy-aware task scheduling and energy-aware billing in datacenters. In particular, the contributions of this paper are (i) an ideal per-task energy metering ...

Review and Synthesis of Road-Use Metering and Charging Systems